|
}} |image = |caption = |Date = March 27, 1977 |type = Pilot error, runway incursion, heavy fog, limitations and failures in communication |outcome = Collision |cause_is = contested |cause1 = Pilot |cause2 = ATC |cause3 = Weather |site = Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain |total_survivors = 61 |total_fatalities = 583 |total_injuries = 61 |plane1_type = Boeing 747–121 |plane1_name = ''Clipper Victor'' |plane1_image = Pan Am Boeing 747 at Zurich Airport in May 1985.jpg |plane1_caption = A Pan Am Boeing 747-121 similar to the one involved |plane1_operator = Pan American World Airways |plane1_tailnum = |plane1_origin = Los Angeles Int'l Airport Los Angeles, United States |plane1_stopover = |plane1_destination = Gran Canaria Airport Canary Islands, Spain |plane1_passengers = 380 |plane1_crew = 16 |plane1_injuries = 61 |plane1_fatalities = |plane1_survivors = 61 |plane2_type = Boeing 747-206B |plane2_name = ''Rijn'' |plane2_image = KLM 747 (7491686916).jpg |plane2_caption = PH-BUF, the KLM Boeing 747-206B involved in the accident |plane2_operator = KLM Royal Dutch Airlines |plane2_tailnum = |plane2_origin = Schiphol Airport Amsterdam, Netherlands |plane2_destination = Gran Canaria Airport Canary Islands, Spain |plane2_passengers = 234 |plane2_crew = 14 |plane2_fatalities = 248 |plane2_survivors = 0 }} The Tenerife airport disaster was a fatal runway collision between two Boeing 747s on Sunday, March 27, 1977, at Los Rodeos Airport (now Tenerife North Airport) on the Spanish island of Tenerife, one of the Canary Islands. The crash killed 583 people, making it the deadliest accident in aviation history. As a result of the complex interaction of organizational influences, environmental preconditions, and unsafe acts leading up to this aircraft mishap, the disaster at Tenerife has served as a textbook example for reviewing the processes and frameworks used in aviation mishap investigations and accident prevention. A bomb explosion at Gran Canaria Airport, and the threat of a second bomb, caused many aircraft to be diverted to Los Rodeos Airport. Among them were KLM Flight 4805 and Pan Am Flight 1736 – the two aircraft involved in the accident. At Los Rodeos Airport, air traffic controllers were forced to park many of the airplanes on the taxiway, thereby blocking it. Further complicating the situation, while authorities waited to reopen Gran Canaria, a dense fog developed at Tenerife, greatly reducing visibility. When Gran Canaria reopened, the parked aircraft blocking the taxiway at Tenerife required both of the 747s to taxi on the only runway in order to get in position for takeoff. The fog was so thick that neither aircraft could see the other, and the controller in the tower could not see the runway or the two 747s on it. As the airport did not have ground radar, the controller could find where each airplane was only by voice reports over the radio. As a result of several misunderstandings, the KLM flight tried to take off while the Pan Am flight was still on the runway. The resulting collision destroyed both aircraft, killing all 248 aboard the KLM flight and 335 of 396 aboard the Pan Am flight. Sixty-one people aboard the Pan Am flight, including the pilots and flight engineer, survived the disaster.〔 As the accident occurred in Spanish territory, Spain was responsible for investigating the accident. Investigators from the Netherlands and the United States also participated. The investigation revealed that the primary cause of the accident was the captain of the KLM flight taking off without clearance from Air Traffic Control (ATC).〔 The investigation specified that the captain did not intentionally take off without clearance; rather he fully believed he had clearance to take off due to misunderstandings between his flight crew and ATC.〔 Dutch investigators placed a greater emphasis on this than their American and Spanish counterparts,〔 but ultimately KLM admitted their crew was responsible for the accident, and the airline financially compensated the victims' relatives.〔 The accident had a lasting influence on the industry, particularly in the area of communication. An increased emphasis was placed on using standardized phraseology in ATC communication by controllers and pilots alike, thereby reducing the chance for misunderstandings. As part of these changes, the word "takeoff" was removed from general usage, and is only spoken by ATC when clearing an aircraft to take off〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.tenerife-information-centre.com/tenerife-airport-disaster.html )〕 or when cancelling that same clearance. Less experienced flight crew members were encouraged to challenge their captains when they believed something was not correct, and captains were instructed to listen to their crew and evaluate all decisions in light of crew concerns. This concept was later expanded into what is known today as Crew Resource Management. CRM training is now mandatory for all airline pilots. == Flight history == For both planes, Tenerife was an unscheduled stop. Their destination was Gran Canaria International Airport (also known as Las Palmas Airport or Gando Airport), serving Las Palmas on the nearby island of Gran Canaria. Both are in the Canary Islands, an autonomous community of Spain located in the Atlantic Ocean off the southwest coast of Morocco. Pan Am Flight 1736 had originated at Los Angeles International Airport, with an intermediate stop at New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport. The aircraft was a Boeing 747-121, registration N736PA, named ''Clipper Victor''. Of the 380 passengers (mostly of retirement age, but including two children), 14 had boarded in New York, where the crew was also changed. The new crew consisted of Captain Victor Grubbs, first officer Robert Bragg, and flight engineer George Warns; there were 13 other crew members. This aircraft had operated the inaugural 747 commercial flight on January 22, 1970.〔Kilroy, Chris (''Special Report: Tenerife'' ) AirDisaster.com.〕 KLM Flight 4805, a charter flight for Holland International Travel Group, had arrived from Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, the Netherlands.〔 Its captain was Jacob Veldhuyzen van Zanten, KLM's chief flying instructor.〔, section 5.2, p. 38 (PDF page 41 of 63)"〕 The first officer was Klaas Meurs and the flight engineer was Willem Schreuder. The aircraft was a Boeing 747-206B, registration PH-BUF, named ''Rijn (Rhine)''. The KLM jet had 14 crew members and 235 passengers, including 52 children. Most of the KLM passengers were Dutch; four Germans, two Austrians and two Americans were also on the plane. After the aircraft landed at Tenerife, the passengers were transported to the airport terminal. One of the inbound passengers, who lived on the island, chose not to re-board the 747, leaving 234 passengers on board.〔 Fifty-two of the passengers were children who were with their families.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tenerife airport disaster」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|